Anatomy of Indonesian Mineral Downstreaming (2019–2025 BPS Microdata): Trade Balance Resilience, Smelter Margins, and Bank Syndication Credit Exposure
Empirical evaluation of export structural breaks, HHI destination market concentration, and smelter credit sensitivity across Central/South Sulawesi and North Maluku.
Synthesizes monthly transactional trade microdata from Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) spanning 2019 through 2025 to evaluate the structural economic shock of Indonesia's raw mineral export bans. Analyzes product-level HS code transformations (nickel matte, ferro-nickel, NPI, and chemical compounds), destination concentration (Herfindahl-Hirschman Index), port logistics shifts toward Eastern Indonesia, and syndication debt coverage under global LME cyclical swings.